Dominican Sisters of Grand Rapids

“A plat of all the world : projected according to the truest rules being far more exact than either the plain-card or the maps of the world described in two rounds,” by Edward Wright (1655)

European Treatment Report

Land-history research for 2025 Fulton St. E., Grand Rapids MI

Parcel 41-14-28-201-015
Parcel 41-14-28-253-002

“A Map of the British Empire in America with the French and Spanish Settlements adjacent thereto,” by Henry Popple (1746)

“Taking possession of Louisiana and the River Mississippi, in the name of Louis XIVth , by Cavalier De La Salle” by Jean-Adolphe Bocquin (c. 1860)

European Contact

The Doctrine of Discovery at Grand Rapids

“Leaders of the Continental Congress. John Adams, Morris, Hamilton, Jefferson,” by Augustus Tholey (c. 1894)

Settler Colonialism

The Treaty Period

Good Faith.

“The utmost good faith shall always be observed towards the Indians; their lands and property shall never be taken from them without their consent; and in their property, rights and liberty, they never shall be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars authorised by Congress; but laws found in justice and humanity shall from time to time be made, for preventing wrongs being done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship with them.”

“An ordinance for the government of the territory of the United States, North-west of the river Ohio,” passed by the Continental Congress (July 13, 1787)

“Pontiac in Council of 1763,” by Alfred Bobbett (1877)

Death.

“It is important, my brothers, that we should exterminate from our land this nation, whose only object is our death.”

Pontiac to assembled tribes (April 27, 1763)

“Signing of the Treaty of Green Ville,” by Howard Chandler Christy (1945)

Protect.

“If any citizen of the United States, or any other white person or persons shall presume to settle upon the lands now relinquished by the United States, such citizen or other person shall be out of the protection of the United States; and the Indian tribe, on whose land the settlement shall be made, may drive off the settler, or punish him in such manner as they shall think fit; and . . . the United States shall be at liberty to break them up and remove and punish the settlers as they shall thing proper, and so effect that protection of the Indian lands[.]”

Treaty of Greenville with the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawanoes, Otttawas, Chipewas, Potawatimes, Miamis, Eel-river, Weea’s, Kickapoosm Piankashaws, and Kaskaskias (Aug. 3, 1795)

Sepia ink drawing of Lewis Cass by James Barton Longacre (c. 1833)

Remove.

“[R]emoval from their present position and from the vicinity of our settlements, to the regions beyond the Mississippi, can alone preserve from final extinction the remnant of our aboriginal population.”

“Removal of the Indians,” Lewis Cass, North American Review (Jan. 1830)