Sisters of the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary Dubuque, Iowa

Detail of “Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigantium Emendate Accommodata” by Gerardus Mercator (1569)

Land-history research research for 2360 Carter Road, Dubuque, IA

European Treatment Report

Contextualization Conversation

Map of Mississippi river, with Ohio, Rock, Iowa River de Moins, Missouri , White, and Arkansas rivers, and part of the Red River by unknown artist (1804)

“Taking possession of Louisiana and the River Mississippi, in the name of Louis XIVth, by Cavalier De La Salle” by Jean-Adolphe Bocquin (c. 1860)

European Contact

The Doctrine of Discovery in Dubuque

“Major Gen’l Harrison of the U.S. Army,” by William Strickland (1813)

Protect.

“The United States will never interrupt the said tribes in the possession of the lands which they rightfully claim, but will on the contrary protect them in the quiet enjoyment of the same against their own citizens and against all other white persons who may intrude upon them.”

William Henry Harrison, Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Indiana Territory and the District of Louisiana in Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes (“Treaty of St. Louis”) (Nov. 3, 1804)

Settler Colonization

The Treaty Period

Detail of “Black Hawk and His Son Whirling Thunder,” by John Wesley Jarvis (1833)

Fair.

“‘On our [1804] arrival at St. Louis we met our American father [William Henry Harrison] and explained to him our business, urging the release of our friend. The American chief told us he wanted land. We agreed to give him some on the west side of the Mississippi, likewise more on the Illinois side opposite Jeffreon. When the business was all arranged we expected to have our friend released to come home with us. About the time we were ready to start our brother was let out of the prison. He started and ran a short distance when he was SHOT DEAD!’ . . . . It subsequently appeared that they had been drunk the greater part of the time while at St. Louis. This was all myself and nation knew of the treaty of 1804. It has since been explained to me. . . . I will leave it to the people of the United States to say whether our nation was properly represented in this treaty? Or whether we received a fair compensation for the extent of country ceded by these four individuals?”

Black Hawk in Autobiography of Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak, or Black Hawk (1882)

“Major General Winfie l d Scott At Vera Cruz March 25, 1847,” by Currier & Ives (1847)

Demand.

“Whereas, under certain lawless and desperate leaders, a formidable band, constituting a large portion of the Sac and Fox nation . . . commenced an unprovoked war upon unsuspecting and defenceless citizens of the United States, sparing neither age nor sex; and whereas, the United States, at a great expense of treasure, have subdued the said hostile band, killing or capturing all its principal Chiefs and Warriors, the said States . . . demand of said tribes . . . a cession of a tract of the Sac and Fox Country. . . .”

Winfield Scott in the 1832 Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes (Sept. 21, 1832)